The Conflict Of A Civil War - 1749 Words

What comes to your mind when you hear or think of the words civil war? Sometimes, a civil war may be caused by a disagreement between two sides or it may occur when the two sides have different opinions toward the same idea or same ideal. But can the two warring sections ever reunite again? When the European colonists arrived in my native country of Burundi, many people thought that they were coming for a change, peace, and unity. Before they arrived, the country was united for a long time. People used to get along with one another. Nobody thought that anything could ever separate them. But when the Europeans arrived, everything changed. But was the European goal to bring a change or to separate people? How would the country be today if the Europeans hadn’t colonized our country? Their arrival made a huge impact, which still exists today. Since the colonists left our country, nothing has ever been the same. Burundi is a small country that is located in Eastern Africa with a huge population. It borders with Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Congo. Burundi is most known for its two tribes, which are the Hutu and Tutsi. The history of the two tribes has not been the same after the European colonists arrived in my country. Like most countries in Africa, Burundi gained its independence from the colonists in 1960s. Burundi has been struggling for a long time because of the impacts that the Europeans left in the country. In 1972, there was a genocide between the two tribes which leftShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of The Civil War950 Words   |  4 Pagesspiritual and moralistic crisis that tore at the religiosity of the citizens of both the North and South. Moreover, death in the Civil War impacted the lives of hundreds of thousands of individuals. Moreover, these Americans lived the rest of their lives in perpetual sorrow, and grief due to the loss of their loved ones. (266) Nevertheless this creat ed a crisis of faith in Civil War Americans. The very thought of comprehending the staggering losses created a vexing dilemma for the citizenry of the NorthRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Civil War968 Words   |  4 Pagesrestructuring and reform as war. Following the internal conflict of the civil war, the country experienced a state of peace with a focus on reconstruction and betterment of the overall public. These years of peace came to a close with the eruption of the extremely controversial Spanish American war, the first bloodshed America administered on foreign soil. Following the quelling of the controversial feelings the American public had towards external intervention, global conflicts have served as a necessaryRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Civil War1645 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout the centuries in America approximately 150 years ago from now the southern and northeastern of the United States were at war and it was named the civil war. In the book â€Å"The Americans† writer Holt McDougal there was not only one but many more worldwide experience that change the globe such as riots that lead to shed blood for blood , laws that separated others by color and was broken , geographic features that others desired to have control of and technology that isRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Civil War1053 Words   |  5 Pagesmantra. It was a way the people could rationalize the killings of so many of its people and even their religious leaders (Peterson 1997, 123). This â€Å"truth† had caused quite and dispute among the Salvadorians and ultimately led to a civil war. The Salvadorian Civil War was a tough time that brought out individual’s true spirits. Social justice issues remained the root caused, and therefore, induced participation from the Catholic Church, a church that took an oath to stand by its poor. I look toRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Syrian Civil War1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe conflicts, especially political conflicts, were not formed overnight. They have been accumulating for at least four years. The Syrian Civil War that displaced millions of refugees officially began on March 15th, 2011 when protesters stormed the capital of Damascus de manding democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners from the Assad regime. (Kareem Fahim) Unfortunately, these campaigns were met with gunfire, as only a month later the Syrian army engaged in a series of military attacksRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War889 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, civilizations have collided because of the many differences. Whatever the differences may be, much can be described as a fault line war. These wars have characteristics of the bloody massacres that are led on by ownership in territory and contain non-governmental groups at the helm of the massacre. Inevitably, these wars result in ethnic cleansing of the weaker group. Kenneth J. Campbell, Associate Professor Emeritus at University of Delaware, claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s populationRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Syrian Civil War1361 Words   |  6 Pages More than 470,000 people have died in the Syrian Civil War. More than 4.8 million people have fled the country. More than 13.5 million people are in dire need of humanitarian support. More than 6.6 million people are displaced inside Syria. (UNOCHA, 2016) And the thing is, almost five years after it began, these numbers are still going up. â€Å"With each passing day there are fewer safe places in Syria,† Paulo Sà ©rgio Pinheiro, Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the SyrianRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War887 Words   |  4 PagesCivilizations Throughout history civilizations have collided because of many differences. Whatever the differences may be, much can be described as a fault line war. These wars have characteristics of bloody massacres that are led on by ownership in territory and contain non-governmental groups at the helm of the massacre. Inevitably, these wars result in ethnic cleansing of the weaker group. Kenneth J. Campbell, Associate Professor Emeritus at University of Delaware, claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s populationRead MoreThe Conflict Of Ethnic Civil War2086 Words   |  9 Pagesthe way they proceed with the differing datasets as this forms another part of the reason why they reach different conclusions. In his analysis Kaufmann finds that eight ethnic civil wars have been resolved by negotiated agreements other than partition. This would ultimately speak against his finding that no ethnic civil war has ever been resolved by a power-sharing agreement. However, he contends that all these eight cases have in fact depended on grants of full or partial autonomy to a regionallyRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Syrian Civil War1063 Words   |  5 Pagesrefugees due to the crisis occurring in their homeland. The refugees are fleeing for their own good, they are trying to desperately escape the relentless violence that has started since the Syrian civil war began. Thousands of innocent Syrians have been killed since the start of the civil war that all started in 2011. A number of Syrian refugees today are desperately trying to find places that will welcome them. Most of the countries that do allow them to seek asylum are located in Europe

The Kite Maker - 1646 Words

THE KITE MAKE Ruskin Bond (1934-1974) ________________________________________________________________________ About t6he author Ruskin Bond is a famous journalist and short story writer. He was born at Ksauli, Himachal Pradesh in 1934. he won the john Llewelllyn Rhys Prize for his first novel ‘Room on the Roof’ in 1957. Ruskin Bond has Published a number of books including. My First Love and Other Stories (1974). The present story the Kite Maker is a fine example of Bond’s excellence as a short story writer. About the lesson In this short story Ruskin Bond describes the†¦show more content†¦Now everyone hurried, hurried in a heat of hope, and delicate things like kites and daydreams were trampled underfoot. Mahmood, the kite maker, had been well known throughout the city in the prime of his life. Some of his more elaborate kites sold for as much as three or four rupees. At the request of the Nawab he had once made a very special kind of kite, unlike any that had been seen in the cistrict. It consisted of a series of small, very light paper discs, trailing on sa thin bamboo frame. To the extremity of each disc he tied a sprig of grass for balance. The surface of the foremost disc was slightly convex, and a fantastic face was painted on it, with the two eyes made of small mirrors. The discs, decreasing in size from head to tail, gave the kite the appearance of an crawling serpent. It required great skill to raise this cumbersome device from the ground, and only Mahmood could manag e it. Everyone had, of course, heard of the ‘dragon kite’ that Mahmoood had built; and word went round that it possessed supernatural powers. A large crowd assembled on the maidan to watch its first public launching in the presence of the Nawab. At the first attempt it did not budge from the ground. The disc made a plaintive, pr5otesting sound, and the sun was trapped in the little mirrors, making the kite a living, complaining creature. Then the wind came from the right direction and the dragon kiteShow MoreRelatedKite Runner by J. D. Sallinger1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe main character of the Kite Runner is an Afghan boy named Amir and his family, including his servants, Hassan and Ali. At the start of the book, Amir and Hassan are about 12 years old and live in a new, wealthier part of Afghanistan because Amir’s father (Baba) is a big business man in Afghanistan, so he is wealthier. Amir is a Pashtun, which means he is a Sunni Muslim, while Hassan is a Hazara, whi ch means he is a Shia Muslim. This means that the two would’ve been enemies most likely if theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesCarr 1 Hannah Carr Mrs. Llaneta ENG4U-03 12 October 2015 The Essay With No Name (Yet) â€Å"As long as there is love and memory, there is no true death† (Cassandra Clare, Lady Midnight). In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, this quote is proven to be true through the character of Hassan. Hassan s character and memory are kept alive through both the physicality and actions of his son, Sohrab, and his best friend and half-brother, Amir. Hosseini describes Hassan as having a perfectly roundRead MoreKite Runner Movie vs. Book1161 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a movie can be a very elusive task for many reasons. This is due to the fact that a book has many key points in it and compressing them all into a certain time frame can be very arduous. Mark Forster’s adaptation of Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is a rather weak portrayal of what the author had originally wrote because of its bad casting choices, very significant and harmful cuts to the novel and scenes added throughout the film. Although the director’s intention to recreate a veryRead MoreSummary Of The Baba 1612 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered the best season. In winter, cities held the Kite Tournaments, in which kite runners also take an important spot. Amir and Hassan used to make their own kites, but as they were better fighters than makers, they started buying them. Also, Hassan was the best kite runner Amir had ever seen. Amir remembers a story in which Hassan caught a kite, in which they had a very special and uncomfortable talk.In 1975, Amir saw Hassan run a kite for the last time. In that year, Amir s neighborhood heldRead MoreThe Kite Runner - Literary Criticism Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesDanil Kukovitskiy The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini can be seen as a great book but at the same time one that is too simple and easy. In discussions of The Kite Runner, one controversial issue has been the inner levels of the novel. On one hand, many people believe that the novel is filled with numerous themes that are deep and make one think about the human experience and will leave you thinking long after you finish reading it. On the other hand, there are also many literary criticsRead MoreDecision Making and E. Job Rotation1319 Words   |  6 PagesDee Hock’s states that a leader should spend their time leading these four individuals. List the people in order of percentage of time spent you should spend leading them. (2)   14.  (p.  67)  All managers are decision makers, but not all decision makers are managers.  (1)   T/F 15.  (p.  70)  Optimizing means selecting the first alternative that meets the decision makers minimum standard of satisfaction.  (1)   T/F 16.  (p.  68)  Which of the following statements about programmedRead MoreWhy Is Warriors DonT Cry Turning Point734 Words   |  3 PagesMoon Shadow, his father left him a few months before he was born to go to america to make money. Moon Shadows’ mother was very busy with farm work, but managed a little bit of time to teach Moon Shadow how to fly a kite. His mother wanted him to know his father was a great kite maker. Even though his father left him he is not discouraged. He learns how to live without a father. His turning point is very hard to overcome, but Moon Shadow is determined to live a good life even without a father. InRead More Ben Franklin Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesBen Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the most influential people in American history. Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in a small town in Boston. Benjamin was one of ten children. His father, Josiah was a candle and soap maker, and his mother Abiah Folger was a homemaker. When Benjamin was only twelve years old he signed his identures so that he could apprentice under his brother, working at a printing press. Here he worked for his brother James for over nine years. BenjaminRead MoreBenjamin Franklin Was A Great Impact On Society1249 Words   |  5 Pagesfounding of the United States of America; he had helped write the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, and the Articles of Confederation, also he helped form the Treaty of Paris, drafted into the Second Continental Congress and performed the kite and key experiment fueling the flame for his interest in electricity. He had lived in Boston, Massachusetts (1706-1718), New York (1718-1721), London, England (1724-1726) and Paris, France (1776-1785) for a short period of time, but Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaRead MoreBenjamin Franklin Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Susanna Dey 19 November 2011 Benjamin Franklin Say the name Benjamin Franklin and you may picture a chubby man with spectacles holding a kite during a lightening storm. Perhaps you picture him a older man with spectacles propped up on his nose standing in a great room full of distinguished gentlemen signing the Declaration of Independence. Both of these facts about Benjamin Franklins life would be true. However, there was so much more to Mr. Franklin. He was a diplomat, a statesman

Argumentative Essay on Immigration Free Essays

Illegal Immigration Amnesty There are many problems that the United States faces and the one that is causing several debates is illegal immigration. Thousands and thousands of illegal immigrants have come from many different places. All of them have different desires. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay on Immigration or any similar topic only for you Order Now One might want a safe future for their family, one is probably looking for a fresh start, or even a place to spread their knowledge. The big question is should illegal immigrants be granted amnesty? After the resources and argument, it is believed that Amnesty should be given to illegal aliens. What is amnesty? Amnesty is a pardon for someone who was convicted in a crime. Amnesty is tangled with the term â€Å"Illegal Aliens†. Illegal aliens according to the law are people who are undocumented and not originally from the country they are currently residing in. There are different points of view on this issue. Nathan Thornburgh, Times Magazine Reporter states, â€Å"Whether you fine illegal aliens or stick them in English classes or make them say a hundred Hail Marys, at the end of the day, illegals would be allowed to stay and become citizens†¦ That’s amnesty. And that’s a good thing for America. Amnesty won’t depress wages – globalization has already done that. Amnesty will not undermine the rule of law. It sounds counterintuitive, but with immigration, forgiving a crime may be the best way to restore law and order. Amnesty won’t necessarily add to the social- services burden. Amnesty would offer millions†¦ a fighting chance at self- sufficiency and social mobility. † Everyone deserves a chance to show what they are capable of. Granting amnesty will also reduce the abuse these immigrants face. Many don’t complain about labor exploitation and substandard working conditions in the fear of being deported. Arnold Schwarzenegger, 38th. Governor of California has his own views on this Amnesty situation. â€Å"I am writing to urge Congress to act this year to pass comprehensive immigration reform. We must find a permanent solution to our broken i mmigration system, and I believe that this is our chance to restore America’s status as both a country of immigrants and a nation of laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Arnold Schwarzenegger also believes that instead of fighting this crisis of amnesty, it should be resolved in a way where everyone agrees to amnesty. A huge part of the economy depends on the illegal immigrants such as agriculture. Natives have a mindset that they are too good to be working at such lowly ranked jobs so such labor depends on these immigrants. Without the support of the increased population of the illegal immigrants, the economy would be in a condition that’s worse than it already is. Granting amnesty will also reduce crime because these immigrants will not fear about reporting crimes to authorities, therefore helping to reduce the crime rate to an extent. With legalization of these aliens it will strengthen and revitalize the nation and it will increase the nation’s security. Granting amnesty will help the nation focus on more important resources such as militia. These resources that are focused on capturing illegal immigrants who enter the country for work could be redirected towards homeland security or funds for war. Not all agree that the â€Å"illegal aliens† should be able to get a chance to prove themselves. According to Heritage Foundation â€Å"Do not grant amnesty to illegal aliens. Regardless of the penalties imposed, any program that grants individuals who are unlawfully present the legal permission to remain here rewards illegal behavior and is unfair to those who obey the law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Heritage Foundation believes that it is unfair to grant illegal immigrants the same rights that legal citizens have. They believe this because the illegal immigrants did not follow the laws when they entered the country and the legal immigrants did. There are many cons to the legalization of illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants shouldn’t be granted amnesty because it can increase further illegal immigration at the nations border. This can also encourage trafficking and smuggling of illegal aliens who will pay high prices to enter a country who’s granting amnesty. This also means that the crime will increase and by not granting amnesty it can be avoided. It is also very costly for to tax payers to grant illegal aliens amnesty especially regarding education, healthcare, welfare and social services. Education isn’t at its peak because cuts are always made and increasing kids in the public education system will obviously make it more costly than it has to be. Health care has also been a big issue tax payers definitely don’t want to pay for costs they can avoid. The job market will take a toll with the increasing population of documented aliens. The unemployment rate will increase which means that millions of more people will be looking for work without positive results. By providing amnesty, it shows that the people who are following the rules have the same status as the illegal aliens who should be penalized for their wrong doings. The Heritage Foundation has come to the conclusion that â€Å"†¦Those who enter the United States illegally should not be rewarded with permanent legal status or other such benefits, and they should be penalized in any road to citizenship. Those who enter and remain in the country illegally are violating the law, and condoning or encouraging such violations increases the likelihood of further illegal conduct. † Which means, the person who comes to the country legally should be let go however the one who comes illegally must be harshly reprimanded and shouldn’t be allowed to have the same luxuries as a person who follows the rules. . Believe it or not, but amnesty is bound to benefit America. Amnesty works politically and socially. It helps with the economy and it provides a safe journey for future generations whether they’re illegal or not. There are many people mostly students who are intelligent who want to seek a better future. Amnesty will help provide a future for these young people. They will be able to go to college, have a professional care. Even community organizer, Julio Flores says â€Å"There’s a great human potential in this town that doesn’t see the light of day because of the legal status. † All in all, even though there are any pros and cons towards the decision if amnesty should be granted or not, we are still stuck on the same question â€Å"should illegal aliens be granted amnesty? There are many different points of view on this situation. Amnesty, to a great extent is a resolute by the certain circumstances in which the country find themselves in. Citations Page 1. MLA  (7th ed. ): ProCon. org. â€Å"Is amnesty a good solution to illegal immigration? †Ã‚  Immigration. ProCon. org. ProCon. org, 22 May 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. 2. Thornburgh/Beardstown, Nathan, and Ill. â €Å"Immigration: The Case for Amnesty. â€Å"TIME  [Beardstown] n. d. : 1+. Web. 3. â€Å"Immigration Amnesty. †Ã‚  US. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. http://www. usamnesty. org/. How to cite Argumentative Essay on Immigration, Essay examples

Abstract Expressionism Essay Example For Students

Abstract Expressionism Essay What about the reality of the everyday world and the reality of painting? They are not the same realities. What is this creative thing that you have struggled to get and where did it come from? What reference or value does it have, outside of the painting itself? Ad Reinhardt, in a group discussion at Studio 35, in 1950. My essay starts with the origin and the birth of this great expression in the twentieth century. This movement not only touched painting, it had an affect on various aspects of art- poetry, architecture, theater, film, photography. Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian are considered to be the pioneer artists to have achieved a truly abstract visual language in painting. Although they worked independently, these artists were united by a belief that abstract painting was capable of evoking a spiritual experience. A central figure of German Expressionism, Kandinsky, in 1911, began to paint densely layered composition of free-floating lines and areas of color, with the intention to reveal his desire to instill visual form with the properties of music. To examine the transitional phase bridging these two movements, we must first define what cultural and artistic shifts are. According to T.S Eliot, culture includes all the characteristic activities of a people: Derby Daythe pin tablenineteenth-century Gothic churches and the music of Elgarwhat is part of our culture is also a part of our lived religion. 1 Therefore, a shift in culture would denote a change in the qualities of a person or society arising from a concern for what is reckoned as excellent in arts, manners and scholarly pursuits.2 On the other hand, art defined on its own represents the satisfaction of aesthetic standards and sensibilities through an appreciation of beauty or good taste; at the same time, it is the demonstration of the ability to create with excellence. 3 Thence, an artistic shift would mean a transition in both aesthetic values and styles, as well as creative techniques. Let us consider the causes of these changes. Art is most often affected by the culture of the society that creates it. It is intertwined with politics, and sometimes functions as a political commentary or critique. Art aims to be an expression of political discourse as the ultimate means of emancipation-absolute freedom from commodification, if such is still possible. Art is a critical necessity as long as it fights being a part of the spectacle, as it aims to turn the spectacle upside down, in order to expose the culture industry. Politics, in many ways, acts as a catalyst to cultural and artistic developments. A cultural shift is often induced by a change in sociopolitical atmosphere. This was evident in the cultural shift between the period of Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art. During the period immediately after World War Two, disgust at war, and the emerging Cold War prompted society to turn to an anti-materialistic, apolitical lifestyle. They became more concerned with what lays within, exploring the idea of purity, hence their interest for the so-called High Art represented by Abstract Expressionists such as Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning and Hans Hofmann. The regard for purity in the soul was expressed by non-figurative, expressive action paintings often associated and concerned with colours, lines and shapes. Unlike Abstract Expressionism, when the heyday of Pop Art arrived, spearheaded by such champions as Warhol, (with America enjoying great success in its post-war boom and Cold War strategies against USSR), the whole of the United States was engrossed in its flourishing economy and mass culture. It was a time during which popular prints were instrumental in helping to shape the perceptions of the vast majority.4 Ever since the end of World War Two, periodic political and economical upheavals have marked the emergence of the American art. The previously dominant European art world began to evolve around American art since the late 1940s, creating a brand new artistic and cultural atmosphere for the American artists. Though American artists shared a similar global reality with the Europeans, their socio-political circumstances differed.5 Unlike the European states, the United States of America had sustained minimal moral and physical damage during the war. This however, nurtured a culture of apolitical apathy among the ordinary Americans who became much concerned with the search for self-enrichment. Impression, Sunrise EssayHaving understood the pre Cold War atmosphere in America, it may be seen that the artists profession was, in itself, a magnet for suspicion. If you were a modernist, then according to Michigan Congressman George E. Dondero, you were an international art thug working in un-American Communistic styles.6 Therefore, any suggestion of being associated with liberal causes could result in accusations of disloyalty to the American way. Thus it was prudent to avoid political controversy in ones art. The resultant artistic focus on purely personal truths was expressed in the essence of the later Abstract Expressionist works. Contrast this with Pop Art, which celebrated post-war consumerism, as the post-war economic boom resulted in an era of glitz and consumerism. It created a generation in which anything and everything was available on the open market. In the 1960s, at the height of the Cold War politics, many were concerned with popular cultures political as opposed to aesthetic impact.7 The age of Pop Art on the other hand, turned this idea around. As Sontags stated in the essay One Culture and the New Sensibility8, the dizzying rate of cultural and technological change had produced a new (potentially unitary) sensibility, one that emerged from the breakdown of old cultural boundaries-between science and art, high culture and low. There arenew standards of beauty and style and tasteFrom the vantage point of this new sensibility, the beauty of a machine or of the solution to a mathematical problem, of a painting by Jasper Johns, of a file by Jean-Luc Godard, and of the personalities and music of the Beatles is equally accessible.Thus far, we have discussed the nature of the cultural shift between the two movements. We must now turn our study to the artistic shift, the product of the intangible change in social culture through the decades.

The Point Of Pornography On The Essay Example For Students

The Point Of Pornography On The Essay InternetWhy is the Internet so enticing for pedophiles? Its created easily accessiblestimulation for child molesters. Anybody can download pictures in complete anonymity. They do not have to make any kind of human contact (Trebilcock 102). There may bedefinitions to describe pornography, but they do not truly examine the destruction,degradation, and the pathetic nature of the concept. The word pornography is moredestructive than one might believe. It would fit perfectly into Sonia Maasik and JackSolomons essay entitles Cheap Thrills. The essay talks about the influencing images ofmusic, video and television. The computer is becoming more and more influencing becauseof the internet these days. The problem with this type of material today is it is assessableon every computer that is connected on-line to the Internet. Pornography should beeliminated on the Internet so that impressionable individuals can not access the degradingmaterial. We will write a custom essay on The Point Of Pornography On The specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Al Gore says Some say that we should refrain from action, that all action to blockchildrens access to objectable content amounts to censorship. To them I say, blockingyour childs access to objectionable Internet content is not censoring thats calledparenting( Simons B10). Eliminating pornography on the net will help to decrease thelarge amount of pornography users, which will decrease crime. Dr. Victor Cline, from theUniversity of Utah, conducted a study regarding serial murders and rapists. He observedusers developing a four-step pattern with pornography. The first step in his study was theaddiction. The serial murders and rapist claimed that at first they become addicted to thematerial. Dr. Clines study didnt stop there. The serial murderers and rapists claimed tocontinue on with their addiction. They increased to the next step of Dr. Clines observedpatterns. The use of pornography material escalated. They felt as if they needed more andmore pornography with hard core material to m eet their needs. Becoming indifferent to others was the third stage. The serial murderers andrapists felt after becoming addicted and escalating their habits, they needed to desensitize. This is when they stopped caring about others. As long as their needs were fulfilled theyfelt that no harm was done. They were the only innocence in the picture. The last step in Dr. Clines observation was the actualization, which is the actingout what he/she saw regarding pornography. This is the final stage that serial murderersand rapists concluded themselves in this four-stage process. Therefore, this is the end forinnocent adults, children, and animals to get hurt. Pulling all pornography from the Internet will allow fewer people to have access tothe degrading material. This is the material that is a common character trait among serialmurderers and rapists, which are a belief, held by Dr. Calvin. These four steps of Dr. Calvins need to be prevented by us the users of the Internet and the people of the world. We need to take it off the Internet now before it gets any worse. Years ago people believed if pornography was to be legalized, the demand for thematerial would decrease. Now with the experience and technology today, the demand forthe material is increasing. A study was directed in many cities with de facto legalization.The results of this study concluded men becoming addicted to the pornography materialand then demanding more. This study also determined, in the last two decades, the number of rapes and childsexual abuse has increased tremendously due to the men who are acting out their desires. This material is like a deadly weapon. It encourages one to strike a gun when they have it intheir hand. Then the criminal uses it as an excuse to react on the topic. It was resolved in this study that when pornography addicts become bored with acertain type of material, they continue on to much harder material. Material that consumesmuch more than they have previously observed. They want the hard core pornography. They want it all and this is where the situation becomes a problem. With these two studies from Is it Pornography article, the conclusions were bothacted out as a result. When a person consumes hard core pornography, this is when mostof the violent crimes occur. We must not allow this degrading material to destroy ourpeople, futures and world. People need to realize the damage pornography does and stop itnow. Pornography is illegal for the same reason crack cocaine, steroids, and heroin areillegal. Peoples lives are consumed and often destroyed by it and those who use it are athreat to others (Elmer-Dewitt 636). This quotation, from the Censorship II: ShouldElectronic Networks Be Restricted? article, allows us to compare how destructive thistopic really is to a drug that we all know the level of destruction. The only problem withthis is, it is easier to get pornography today, than cocaine. All one has to do is turn on hiscomputer and down load on the Internet. Its much too easy which makes it incrediblyscary. Anybody can down load images in a public library, a friends house, at local schools,and at any computer that is accessible to the Internet. There is no demand for ID checking;all thats needed is a mouse and a few clicks. Its more assessable than one might think. Achild or an adult can load images at any age. A Veteran Internet surfer opposes, If you dont want them you wont get them(Walsh 7). He claims that one must show proof of ID to obtain such material and thematerial is off limits to minors/kids. This is absolutely not true. If one is connected to theInternet, all they have to do is type the word PORNOGRAPHY and its that easy. Just ascuriosity kills the cat, it also poisons the mind. Clifford L. Linedecker says, The chances of randomly coming across them areunbelievably slim (7). Coming across them which is pornography, is much easier thanone must believe. Typing a word is dealing with pornography (for the sake of research)into the computer and a few clicks from the mouse can disprove by Linedeckersmessage. Its much easier than one must believe. This unwanted material can be accessedanytime with just a click from the mouse. .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .postImageUrl , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:hover , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:visited , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:active { border:0!important; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:active , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ap Out of Many Text Chapter 2 Questions EssayIn Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted by WhiteHouse, John Simons claims that since 1960 the rape percent has increased over 500%. This is an enormous amount of rapes that occur due to the use of pornography. Thisarticle also acknowledges the fact that 57% of serial rapists that were studied claimed thatthey imitated scenes that were learned from types of pornography (B10). Among all the crimes in the America, sexual violence is driven to the maximum,due to hard core pornography. According to Robert M. Baird, Pornography in the UnitedStates, is the third largest money-maker in systematic crime. After following drugs andgambling, pornography has a $8-$10 billion per year enterprise (117). This is a largeamount of money for this one topic to make in a year, but the real issue is the human livesthat are being tormented. This material needs to be eliminated in all areas. On the Internet, this material should be taken off 100%. It is obvious thatpornography does more harm than good. This material degrades the nature ofimpressionable individuals. This material hurts the innocent and by taking it off theinternet, the crime rates of rape and murders will decrease in numbers tremendously. If wedont give the addicts their material, hopefully they will move on to bigger and better ideas. Being able to define the word pornography truly, is a question we all need to askourselves. We can get the definition from a dictionary or encyclopedia, but can we agreewith the definition. Is it bias on our beliefs? Taking this material off the Internet will help topursue the innocence of many individuals and make it harder of the addicts to get thematerial. The road to pornography, is also the road to destruction. Works CitedBaird, Robert M. Pornography. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991. MJC LibraryHQ471.p6462Campagna, Daniel S. The Sexual Trafficking in Children. New York, 1988. StanislausCounty Library 306.74Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. Censorship II: Should Electronic Networks be Restricted?Conversations. Jack Selzer. 3rd Ed. Needham Heights, MA: 1997. 636-639. MJC LibraryH1.A4v344Griffin, Susan. Pornography and Silence. New York: Harper ; Row, 1981. MJC LibraryHQ471.G74Linedecker, Clifford L. Children in Chains. New York: Everest House publishers, 1981. Columbia College Library HQ144.L56Simons, John. Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted byWhite House, The Wall Street Journal 3 Dec.1997: B10. Stanislaus County LibraryTrebilcock, Bob. Child Molesters on the Internet are they in your Home? Redbook April1997: 100-107. Stanislaus County LibraryWalsh, Catherine. Perspectives. America 24 Feb. 1996: 7. Stanislaus County LibraryWilson, Carolyn F. Violence Against Women. Boston, Mass., 1981. Columbia CollegeLibrary HV6250.4.W65W54The Point of Pornography on theInternetWhy is the Internet so enticing for pedophiles? Its created easily accessiblestimulation for child molesters. Anybody can download pictures in complete anonymity. They do not have to make any kind of human contact (Trebilcock 102). There may bedefinitions to describe pornography, but they do not truly examine the destruction,degradation, and the pathetic nature of the concept. The word pornography is moredestructive than one might believe. It would fit perfectly into Sonia Maasik and JackSolomons essay entitles Cheap Thrills. The essay talks about the influencing images ofmusic, video and television. The computer is becoming more and more influencing becauseof the internet these days. The problem with this type of material today is it is assessableon every computer that is connected on-line to the Internet. Pornography should beeliminated on the Internet so that impressionable individuals can not access the degradingmaterial. Al Gore says Some say that we should refrain from action, that all action to blockchildrens access to objectable content amounts to censorship. To them I say, blockingyour childs access to objectionable Internet content is not censoring thats calledparenting( Simons B10). Eliminating pornography on the net will help to decrease thelarge amount of pornography users, which will decrease crime. Dr. Victor Cline, from theUniversity of Utah, conducted a study regarding serial murders and rapists. He observedusers developing a four-step pattern with pornography. The first step in his study was theaddiction. The serial murders and rapist claimed that at first they become addicted to thematerial. Dr. Clines study didnt stop there. The serial murderers and rapists claimed tocontinue on with their addiction. They increased to the next step of Dr. Clines observedpatterns. The use of pornography material escalated. They felt as if they needed more andmore pornography with hard core material to m eet their needs. Becoming indifferent to others was the third stage. The serial murderers andrapists felt after becoming addicted and escalating their habits, they needed to desensitize. This is when they stopped caring about others. As long as their needs were fulfilled theyfelt that no harm was done. They were the only innocence in the picture. The last step in Dr. Clines observation was the actualization, which is the actingout what he/she saw regarding pornography. This is the final stage that serial murderersand rapists concluded themselves in this four-stage process. Therefore, this is the end forinnocent adults, children, and animals to get hurt. Pulling all pornography from the Internet will allow fewer people to have access tothe degrading material. This is the material that is a common character trait among serialmurderers and rapists, which are a belief, held by Dr. Calvin. These four steps of Dr. Calvins need to be prevented by us the users of the Internet and the people of the world. We need to take it off the Internet now before it gets any worse. .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .postImageUrl , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:hover , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:visited , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:active { border:0!important; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:active , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Space Exploration EssayYears ago people believed if pornography was to be legalized, the demand for thematerial would decrease. Now with the experience and technology today, the demand forthe material is increasing. A study was directed in many cities with de facto legalization.The results of this study concluded men becoming addicted to the pornography materialand then demanding more. This study also determined, in the last two decades, the number of rapes and childsexual abuse has increased tremendously due to the men who are acting out their desires. This material is like a deadly weapon. It encourages one to strike a gun when they have it intheir hand. Then the criminal uses it as an excuse to react on the topic. It was resolved in this study that when pornography addicts become bored with acertain type of material, they continue on to much harder material. Material that consumesmuch more than they have previously observed. They want the hard core pornography. They want it all and this is where the situation becomes a problem. With these two studies from Is it Pornography article, the conclusions were bothacted out as a result. When a person consumes hard core pornography, this is when mostof the violent crimes occur. We must not allow this degrading material to destroy ourpeople, futures and world. People need to realize the damage pornography does and stop itnow. Pornography is illegal for the same reason crack cocaine, steroids, and heroin areillegal. Peoples lives are consumed and often destroyed by it and those who use it are athreat to others (Elmer-Dewitt 636). This quotation, from the Censorship II: ShouldElectronic Networks Be Restricted? article, allows us to compare how destructive thistopic really is to a drug that we all know the level of destruction. The only problem withthis is, it is easier to get pornography today, than cocaine. All one has to do is turn on hiscomputer and down load on the Internet. Its much too easy which makes it incrediblyscary. Anybody can down load images in a public library, a friends house, at local schools,and at any computer that is accessible to the Internet. There is no demand for ID checking;all thats needed is a mouse and a few clicks. Its more assessable than one might think. Achild or an adult can load images at any age. A Veteran Internet surfer opposes, If you dont want them you wont get them(Walsh 7). He claims that one must show proof of ID to obtain such material and thematerial is off limits to minors/kids. This is absolutely not true. If one is connected to theInternet, all they have to do is type the word PORNOGRAPHY and its that easy. Just ascuriosity kills the cat, it also poisons the mind. Clifford L. Linedecker says, The chances of randomly coming across them areunbelievably slim (7). Coming across them which is pornography, is much easier thanone must believe. Typing a word is dealing with pornography (for the sake of research)into the computer and a few clicks from the mouse can disprove by Linedeckersmessage. Its much easier than one must believe. This unwanted material can be accessedanytime with just a click from the mouse. In Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted by WhiteHouse, John Simons claims that since 1960 the rape percent has increased over 500%. This is an enormous amount of rapes that occur due to the use of pornography. Thisarticle also acknowledges the fact that 57% of serial rapists that were studied claimed thatthey imitated scenes that were learned from types of pornography (B10). Among all the crimes in the America, sexual violence is driven to the maximum,due to hard core pornography. According to Robert M. Baird, Pornography in the UnitedStates, is the third largest money-maker in systematic crime. After following drugs andgambling, pornography has a $8-$10 billion per year enterprise (117). This is a largeamount of money for this one topic to make in a year, but the real issue is the human livesthat are being tormented. This material needs to be eliminated in all areas. On the Internet, this material should be taken off 100%. It is obvious thatpornography does more harm than good. This material degrades the nature ofimpressionable individuals. This material hurts the innocent and by taking it off theinternet, the crime rates of rape and murders will decrease in numbers tremendously. If wedont give the addicts their material, hopefully they will move on to bigger and better ideas. Being able to define the word pornography truly, is a question we all need to askourselves. We can get the definition from a dictionary or encyclopedia, but can we agreewith the definition. Is it bias on our beliefs? Taking this material off the Internet will help topursue the innocence of many individuals and make it harder of the addicts to get thematerial. The road to pornography, is also the road to destruction. Works CitedBaird, Robert M. Pornography. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991. MJC LibraryHQ471.p6462Campagna, Daniel S. The Sexual Trafficking in Children. New York, 1988. StanislausCounty Library 306.74Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. Censorship II: Should Electronic Networks be Restricted?Conversations. Jack Selzer. 3rd Ed. Needham Heights, MA: 1997. 636-639. MJC LibraryH1.A4v344Griffin, Susan. Pornography and Silence. New York: Harper Row, 1981. MJC LibraryHQ471.G74Linedecker, Clifford L. Children in Chains. New York: Everest House publishers, 1981. Columbia College Library HQ144.L56Simons, John. Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted byWhite House, The Wall Street Journal 3 Dec.1997: B10. Stanislaus County LibraryTrebilcock, Bob. Child Molesters on the Internet are they in your Home? Redbook April1997: 100-107. Stanislaus County LibraryWalsh, Catherine. Perspectives. America 24 Feb. 1996: 7. Stanislaus County LibraryWilson, Carolyn F. Violence Against Women. Boston, Mass., 1981. Columbia CollegeLibrary HV6250.4.W65W54

Oil Spill Response essays

Oil Spill Response essays When it comes to mixing oil and water, oceans suffer from far more than an occasional devastating spill. Disasters make headlines, but hundreds of millions of gallons of oil quietly end up in the seas every year, mostly from non-accidental sources Large spillseven though a relatively minor source of ocean oil pollutioncan be devastating. The same amount of oil can do more damage in some areas than others. Coral reefs and mangroves are more sensitive to oil than sandy beaches or sea-grass beds; intertidal zones are the most sensitive. Crude oil is most likely to cause problems . Because human error causes 46% of oil spills and 34 % of equipment failure, the first strategy must be that of prevention. However, assuming that in the particular case prevention has not been effective the remaining strategic options are: Containment and Recovery removes the pollutant from the environment by mechanical means. This strategy has the following characteristics: Need for Logistics Support Effectiveness Sharply Impacted by Weather Encounter Rate Very Important The usual method of containment and recovery involves deploying booms to prevent the oil from spreading and to concentrate it. Skimmers are then used to recover the concentrated oil. It is then transferred to temporary storage and eventually to a permanent storage/treatment facility. When employing this strategy it is necessary to consider the following questions: Can the operation be mounted close to the source of the spill so that the spread of oil can be contained? Can sufficient vessels be mobilized to operate the appropriate numbers and types of booms and skimmers? Are vessels with adequate onboard oil storage capacity available? Will weather conditions permit the equipment to be used effectively, if at all? Is the type and condition of the oil amenable to mechanical recove...

African studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

African studies - Essay Example Mammo elucidates the fact that the rate of development in Africa cannot be considered to have been substandard as compared to other parts of the world. African development was significantly affected after its colonization by European countries. It is worth noting that colonization was characterized by slave trade between the seventeenth century and twentieth century. Instead of Africans developing there continent, there were sold as slaves in other parts of the world particularly in America to work in the farms. Therefore, Africa remained underdeveloped as other parts of the world were developing at a very rapid rate (Mammo 24). The partition of Africa into colonies led to disproportionate allocation of resources since some of the colonies had higher quantities of mineral resources than others. Subsequently, this has led to some African countries enriching themselves from these resources leaving others poor (Europa Publications 33). European colonization also led to the discrimination of Africans. According to Europa Publications, racial discrimination against Africans was rampant in the 19th century whereby the colonizers considered Africans as lesser humans (33). Africans were not allowed to mix with Europeans and were therefore forced in selected villages. It is worth noting that the effects of discrimination against Africans is still felt today especially in America. The partitioning of Africa and the fact that Africans were forced to live in segregated villages is one of the contributing factors of ethnic conflicts that are prevalent in African countries. When colonization came to an end in the twentieth century, most of the African countries were left subdivided into ethnic regions. Therefore, there has always been a struggle for power between these ethnic communities in Africa. In the fight for independence in many parts of Africa, individuals united

Question repository and test paper generator Literature review

Question repository and test paper generator - Literature review Example The online examination system provides a user friendly interface with all the features of any original examination system. The online examination system conducts exams using multiple-choice questions, gap-fills and open questions. The online examination system provides a platform where the teachers can easily conduct tests as they do not have to waste time on checking the test of each individual student and students can easily give exams. The system is convenient for students as they don’t need to worry about things like pens and teachers will only need to prepare the basic question-bank once with the system allowing addition of additional questions later.The online examination system has two users classified as Administrators and the students. (Jin & Lin, 2012) The administrators are the typical examiners and are responsible for the management of users, tests to be conducted, subjects, questions and results. These administrators also manage system backup and recovery strategi es. The second user of the system is the student who uses it to sit for examinations. The students take exams in the front desk using usernames and passwords given to them by the administrators. The system shall distribute questions to the student automatically and start the countdown for the students to complete the test within the stipulated time, and submit answers to the server. Depending on the type of exam, the system divides the questions into objective and subjective questions, with papers being corrected by the system and the teachers. The system shall aggregate final results, and students can check their scores on the system breaking the time and space constraints of traditional test, and achieve paperless office. The online examination system supports the management of users, questions, subjects and results of course. The system is fully automated and it evaluates thoroughly and does calculations of the tests done providing test summary and results summary to both the tes t conductor and the student. Students can check their results online. The online examination system shall be all browsers compatible to give all its users the best experience with different browsers. In each management section there shall be a provision of a searching option providing a ‘what you see is what you’ get editor to make preparations of questions easier. The system shall also provide some Indic language support. Advantages of online exam system The advantage of the online examination is that it can be conducted for candidates in remote areas and evaluation of answers can be fully automated for multiple choice questions. Depending on the type of the questions and the requirements, essay type questions can be evaluated through the system. The system allows for examinations to be conducted at any time as per the availability and convenience of the users and reduction of costs substantially since there is no paper work involved like printing exam papers and prepa ring paper admissions. (Peter, 2004) The examination results could be viewed just after the exams and there is an option to display the correct answer or hints, for formative testing. There are no distribution expenses for the question papers since the papers would not be distributed to different locations. There are no invigilators involved and also there is no

Actions to be taken when carrying out a case study

Actions to be taken when carrying out a - Case Study Example Among the actions that Ava Beane proposed to Eric Gregory and Mellissa Hayes is knowing the main aim of the study, this is clearly the identifying the main reason for carrying out the research study. Having a clear topic that will be evaluated, learning the attitude of the people living around the area of the place where the study will be conducted while at the same time considering their opinion on the study. Furthermore, Gregory and Hayes should find out if any other parties have ever conducted the same study before; they should survey the population where they are to carry out the survey that will be used to answer the research questions. This is necessary because they will be able to identify the most appropriate persons who will be able to answer the relevant questions as it is not possible to get information from the entire populationGregory and Hayes are also advised to follow the relevant procedures that are required in the event of carrying out the case study. When creating the questions that will be required to be answered by a given population for the study, the characteristics and the sex of the people answering the questions should be considered. This is because the answers give a precise the opinion of the person. However their identity are supposed to be concealed entirely as that is how it expected by the ethics governing scientific studies. Moreover they can use the collected data and compare it to the past researches that bear the same topic name.

What Is Polygraph Testing

What Is Polygraph Testing A polygraph machine is used to attempt to detect physiological changes that are thought to occur when a person tells a lie. These measures include the blood pressure, the amount of sweating on the palms and the heart rate. Polygraph testing is currently being used to investigate crime in a number of countries around the world, including the USA, Japan, South Korea and Israel (Raskin, 1990). At present there is a wide-ranging literature evaluating the use of the polygraph machine and associated techniques, largely based on laboratory experimentation. Like any psychometric test, the use of a polygraph machine in the detection of deception has been questioned on the basis of its reliability and its validity. Reliability refers to the ability of a test to be consistent, no matter who is carrying it out. The question of validity asks whether the test is actually measuring what it claims to measure. The answer to both of these questions is vital in answering whether the polygraph should be introduced into British policing. The polygraph machine has been used in a number of different ways to elicit useful information from suspects. Bull, Gudjonsson, Hampson, Baron, Rippon, Vrij (2004) identify four main techniques: the Relevant/Irrelevant Technique, the Directed Lie Test, the Control Question Test, and the Guilty Knowledge Test. Of these, the majority of research has addressed the last two and so the discussion will concentrate on these. The Control Question Test The theory behind the Control Question Test (CQT) is that the physiological responses of a suspect to control questions are compared with those which are directly relevant to the crime. Control questions are specifically chosen to be vague in nature and to relate only indirectly to the crime under investigation (Iacono Patrick, 1997). This means that they should provoke high levels of physiological arousal in innocent suspects as they are designed to elicit guilty memories but those that are not under investigation. By contrast, to an innocent interviewee, the specific questions about the crime should evoke lower physiological arousal as they can be categorically denied. To the guilty interviewee, however, the reverse pattern should be seen with higher physiological response seen to the more specific questions. The basic paradigm for assessing the polygraph test used in laboratory investigations involves a mock crime with participants randomly told to act either innocent or guilty. Raskin (1982), for example, explains that the guilty participants enact the mock crime, while the innocent participants simply have the facts relayed to them. Both groups are given a cash incentive to pass the test, and this goes some way towards giving them the required motivation to pass the test. Many of the earlier studies used the CQT test and found some encouraging results. Carroll (1988) summarises some of these studies, referring first to the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress (1983) which rounded up 14 studies which found an overall accuracy level of 88.6% in the guilty participants, and 82.6 in the innocent participants. However, Carroll (1988) criticises this assessment as some of these studies had flawed methodologies. Instead, using stricter criteria, the figures of 85.4% for guilty and 76.9% for the innocent were found. Carroll (1988) makes two important points about most of these studies. Firstly, there was a fairly high rate of false positives of around 20-25% instances where the participant was innocent but pronounced guilty. Secondly, the polygraph operators also have their own visual information to go on when carrying out the test, they are not simply relying on the physiological data. This means that the results cannot be fully attributable to the polygraph as the human operator could be partly acting as a lie detector. The most obvious criticism of these kind of studies is that of ecological validity. The test itself relies on the emotional reactions of the participants how likely is it that monetary inducements are equivalent in motivational terms to the chance of being convicted of a crime? For this reason, MacLaren (2001) points out that the participants have little reason to be worried about the important questions and are unmotivated to try and beat the test unlike a real guilty suspect. Field studies, then, have attempted to fill this gap, but immediately the problem arises of how it is possible to measure whether a person is really guilty or innocent. In reviewing the data on field studies, Carroll (1988) found that generally the accuracy rates were low at 69.6% comparing to the 50% obtainable by chance this does not seem high. In addition, there was a very high rate of false positives 43%. More recent field studies have been reviewed by Bull et al. (2004), who find better average figures for those guilty suspects at between 80% and 90% accuracy, but still poor results for innocent suspects, with false positives ranging from 12% to 47% accuracy. The theoretical problems with the CQT have been pointed out by Ben-Shakhar (2002), amongst others. The whole design of the test is such that the operator of the polygraph is trying to deceive the suspect something that may be perceived as unethical. It is still possible to imagine good reasons for why an innocent suspect would show arousal to the specific questions these are still anxiety provoking questions. There is little evidence that this test is standardised, in that the control questions that are asked in each interview are different. This means that much variability in the accuracy of test is probably due to the operator this reduces the theoretical reliability of the test. The Guilty Knowledge Test False positives, then, are one of the major problems with the CQT. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) has been shown to meet this challenge. The GKT is designed to try and uncover whether the interviewee is withholding information about a crime under investigation. This involves asking the suspect a number of specific questions about the crime, each question having a number of alternatives, only one of which is correct. The operator then looks for a pattern of physiological responses to the correct option across the whole test. This test is much more difficult to apply, mainly because it requires the test operator to know a number of facts about the crime that she must be reasonably sure that the guilty suspect would also know these would tend to be details, although does not exclude major facts. A range of reviews have been carried out on the GKT in laboratory conditions. Ben-Shakhar and Furedy (1990) found accuracy rates of 84% for guilty participants and 94% for innocent participants. Elaad (1998) found rates of 81% for guilty and 96% for innocent. While these are encouraging, again it is the field studies that are more convincing because of ecological validity. Only two of these have been carried out. Elaad (1990) found rates of only 42% for guilty participants but 98% for the innocent. Similarly Elaad, Ginton Jungman (1992) found 76% for guilty and 94% for innocent. Ben-Shakhar, Bar-Hillel, Kremnitzer, (2002) defend the low results for guilty suspects, claiming that they were carried out under sub-optimal conditions, being just after a CQT had been carried out and only involving an average of 1.8 questions. Overall though, levels of false positives are much lower for the GKT than the CQT. Perhaps the biggest criticism of the GKT relates to how useful it is in a practical sense. The nature of the test requires that the interviewer has been able to amass half a dozen items of knowledge that the guilty person would be aware of that would not be recognised by an innocent person. In addition, it is not always possible to be confident that the suspect will have remembered or even noticed the particular details which the operator refers to. Bull et al. (2004) makes the point that, in high profile cases, details are often released to the public to aid the solving of the crime, which will make the interviewing of the suspect even harder using a GKT, as innocent suspects will know many more details of the crime, making the choice of details for interview more obscure. The advantage of the GKT is that in evaluating its theoretical underpinnings, some researchers have made much stronger claims for it than the CQT (The Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph, National Research Council, 2003). The reason for this is that the GKT relies on the response being greater to a particular subset of the questions relative to whatever the physiological response is to the other questions (Carmel, Dayan, Naveh, Raveh Ben-Shakhar, 2003). This is unlike the CQT where variations in the physiological response of the suspect will tend to disrupt the test. In addition, the GKT does not rely on duping the suspect. The GKT does also have practical advantages. Ben-Shakhar et al. (2002) point out that a problem for the admissibility of polygraph tests in court is that they can become contaminated. In practice, a polygraph operator has the evidence of his eyes as well as the polygraph machine to go on. This may mean that the operator does not entirely base his decision on the physiological data. The advantage of the GKT is that it is much more easy to carry out blind, or for another polygraph tester to simply look at the physiological evidence. Counter measures and Base Rates Two other criticisms that apply more generally to all the different types of polygraph tests, are the effects of countermeasures and of base rates. Countermeasures refers to attempts to beat the polygraph test, these Gudjonsson (1988) classifies in three ways: reducing reactivity, suppressing physiological reactions and augmenting physiological reactions. According to Ford (1995) a man named Floyd Fay was able to successfully train 23 of 27 fellow inmates to beat the polygraph test in 20 minutes despite their admission of guilt to crimes for which they had been incarcerated. On the problem of base rates, Bull et al. (2004) point out that the kinds of situations in which polygraph tests are used may mean that there are a large number of suspects to test. This will exacerbate the problems of false positives, although, perhaps, is not such a problem in forensic situations as numbers are more likely to be limited.

The World as Will as Theology Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

The World as Will as Theology "The Absolute is its appearances; it really is." ... Bradley "And look at everyone — it's in them all" ["Und sieh dir andre an: es ist in allen"] ... Rilke It is interesting to view Schopenhauer's teaching of the world as Wille as a theology. In this light Schopenhauer can be considered an 'atheist' only from a narrow perspective.* Schopenhauer's theology, as a Western monist/monotheist view based on Eastern thought, offers an alternative both to atheism and to Western/Middle Eastern monotheism (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). [* Other alleged 'atheists' included Socrates, Spinoza, and the early Christians themselves. Often cited as an atheist, Shelley points out on his opening page that he has no objection to theism per se, but only as it appears in Judeo-Christianity.] The approach will be to characterize Schopenhauer's thought concerning Wille, to identify key Western and Eastern conceptions of God, and then to see where Wille fits, and does not fit, these conceptions. A. What is Wille? "Not as a god, but as a god might be" ... Stevens Schopenhauer's Wille is essentially Kant's noumenon, but with Kant's intentions subverted. Whereas Kant wanted to set aside the noumenon from the grasp of 'pure reason' so that the observer (and science) could concentrate on phenomena (governed by space, time, and causality), Schopenhauer re-introduced the noumenon as at least partially graspable, in both its external and essential aspects, by reason and introspection. Wille is the essential nature of the universe ungoverned by appearances, that is, underlying phenomena which are governed by space, time, and causality (the principles of sufficient reason). A fascinating dynamic ... ...y of Religion. Blackwell, 1997. (Sherry 1997) Sherry, Patrick. "Beauty". Pages 279-285 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Stump 1997) Stump, Eleanore. "Simplicity". Pages 250-256 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Taliaferro 1997) Taliaferro, Charles. "Incorporeality". Pages 271-278 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Tracy 1997) Tracy, Thomas F. "Divine Action". Pages 299-305 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Wierenga 1997) Wierenga, Edward R. "Omnipresence". Pages 286-290 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Williams 1997) Williams, C.J.F. "Being". Pages 223-228 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Zagzebski 1997) Zagzebski, Linda. "Foreknowledge and Human Freedom". Pages 291-298 in Quinn & Taliaferro. C. Other References (Bouzereau 1997) Bouzereau, Laurent. Star Wars, The Annotated Screenplays. Ballantine, 1997. (Nagel 1986) Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. Oxford University Press, 1986.