Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Point Of Pornography On The Essay Example For Students

The Point Of Pornography On The Essay InternetWhy is the Internet so enticing for pedophiles? Its created easily accessiblestimulation for child molesters. Anybody can download pictures in complete anonymity. They do not have to make any kind of human contact (Trebilcock 102). There may bedefinitions to describe pornography, but they do not truly examine the destruction,degradation, and the pathetic nature of the concept. The word pornography is moredestructive than one might believe. It would fit perfectly into Sonia Maasik and JackSolomons essay entitles Cheap Thrills. The essay talks about the influencing images ofmusic, video and television. The computer is becoming more and more influencing becauseof the internet these days. The problem with this type of material today is it is assessableon every computer that is connected on-line to the Internet. Pornography should beeliminated on the Internet so that impressionable individuals can not access the degradingmaterial. We will write a custom essay on The Point Of Pornography On The specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Al Gore says Some say that we should refrain from action, that all action to blockchildrens access to objectable content amounts to censorship. To them I say, blockingyour childs access to objectionable Internet content is not censoring thats calledparenting( Simons B10). Eliminating pornography on the net will help to decrease thelarge amount of pornography users, which will decrease crime. Dr. Victor Cline, from theUniversity of Utah, conducted a study regarding serial murders and rapists. He observedusers developing a four-step pattern with pornography. The first step in his study was theaddiction. The serial murders and rapist claimed that at first they become addicted to thematerial. Dr. Clines study didnt stop there. The serial murderers and rapists claimed tocontinue on with their addiction. They increased to the next step of Dr. Clines observedpatterns. The use of pornography material escalated. They felt as if they needed more andmore pornography with hard core material to m eet their needs. Becoming indifferent to others was the third stage. The serial murderers andrapists felt after becoming addicted and escalating their habits, they needed to desensitize. This is when they stopped caring about others. As long as their needs were fulfilled theyfelt that no harm was done. They were the only innocence in the picture. The last step in Dr. Clines observation was the actualization, which is the actingout what he/she saw regarding pornography. This is the final stage that serial murderersand rapists concluded themselves in this four-stage process. Therefore, this is the end forinnocent adults, children, and animals to get hurt. Pulling all pornography from the Internet will allow fewer people to have access tothe degrading material. This is the material that is a common character trait among serialmurderers and rapists, which are a belief, held by Dr. Calvin. These four steps of Dr. Calvins need to be prevented by us the users of the Internet and the people of the world. We need to take it off the Internet now before it gets any worse. Years ago people believed if pornography was to be legalized, the demand for thematerial would decrease. Now with the experience and technology today, the demand forthe material is increasing. A study was directed in many cities with de facto legalization.The results of this study concluded men becoming addicted to the pornography materialand then demanding more. This study also determined, in the last two decades, the number of rapes and childsexual abuse has increased tremendously due to the men who are acting out their desires. This material is like a deadly weapon. It encourages one to strike a gun when they have it intheir hand. Then the criminal uses it as an excuse to react on the topic. It was resolved in this study that when pornography addicts become bored with acertain type of material, they continue on to much harder material. Material that consumesmuch more than they have previously observed. They want the hard core pornography. They want it all and this is where the situation becomes a problem. With these two studies from Is it Pornography article, the conclusions were bothacted out as a result. When a person consumes hard core pornography, this is when mostof the violent crimes occur. We must not allow this degrading material to destroy ourpeople, futures and world. People need to realize the damage pornography does and stop itnow. Pornography is illegal for the same reason crack cocaine, steroids, and heroin areillegal. Peoples lives are consumed and often destroyed by it and those who use it are athreat to others (Elmer-Dewitt 636). This quotation, from the Censorship II: ShouldElectronic Networks Be Restricted? article, allows us to compare how destructive thistopic really is to a drug that we all know the level of destruction. The only problem withthis is, it is easier to get pornography today, than cocaine. All one has to do is turn on hiscomputer and down load on the Internet. Its much too easy which makes it incrediblyscary. Anybody can down load images in a public library, a friends house, at local schools,and at any computer that is accessible to the Internet. There is no demand for ID checking;all thats needed is a mouse and a few clicks. Its more assessable than one might think. Achild or an adult can load images at any age. A Veteran Internet surfer opposes, If you dont want them you wont get them(Walsh 7). He claims that one must show proof of ID to obtain such material and thematerial is off limits to minors/kids. This is absolutely not true. If one is connected to theInternet, all they have to do is type the word PORNOGRAPHY and its that easy. Just ascuriosity kills the cat, it also poisons the mind. Clifford L. Linedecker says, The chances of randomly coming across them areunbelievably slim (7). Coming across them which is pornography, is much easier thanone must believe. Typing a word is dealing with pornography (for the sake of research)into the computer and a few clicks from the mouse can disprove by Linedeckersmessage. Its much easier than one must believe. This unwanted material can be accessedanytime with just a click from the mouse. .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .postImageUrl , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:hover , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:visited , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:active { border:0!important; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:active , .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc1a0ad79bfa2d1733538e0f813d1010d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ap Out of Many Text Chapter 2 Questions EssayIn Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted by WhiteHouse, John Simons claims that since 1960 the rape percent has increased over 500%. This is an enormous amount of rapes that occur due to the use of pornography. Thisarticle also acknowledges the fact that 57% of serial rapists that were studied claimed thatthey imitated scenes that were learned from types of pornography (B10). Among all the crimes in the America, sexual violence is driven to the maximum,due to hard core pornography. According to Robert M. Baird, Pornography in the UnitedStates, is the third largest money-maker in systematic crime. After following drugs andgambling, pornography has a $8-$10 billion per year enterprise (117). This is a largeamount of money for this one topic to make in a year, but the real issue is the human livesthat are being tormented. This material needs to be eliminated in all areas. On the Internet, this material should be taken off 100%. It is obvious thatpornography does more harm than good. This material degrades the nature ofimpressionable individuals. This material hurts the innocent and by taking it off theinternet, the crime rates of rape and murders will decrease in numbers tremendously. If wedont give the addicts their material, hopefully they will move on to bigger and better ideas. Being able to define the word pornography truly, is a question we all need to askourselves. We can get the definition from a dictionary or encyclopedia, but can we agreewith the definition. Is it bias on our beliefs? Taking this material off the Internet will help topursue the innocence of many individuals and make it harder of the addicts to get thematerial. The road to pornography, is also the road to destruction. Works CitedBaird, Robert M. Pornography. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991. MJC LibraryHQ471.p6462Campagna, Daniel S. The Sexual Trafficking in Children. New York, 1988. StanislausCounty Library 306.74Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. Censorship II: Should Electronic Networks be Restricted?Conversations. Jack Selzer. 3rd Ed. Needham Heights, MA: 1997. 636-639. MJC LibraryH1.A4v344Griffin, Susan. Pornography and Silence. New York: Harper ; Row, 1981. MJC LibraryHQ471.G74Linedecker, Clifford L. Children in Chains. New York: Everest House publishers, 1981. Columbia College Library HQ144.L56Simons, John. Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted byWhite House, The Wall Street Journal 3 Dec.1997: B10. Stanislaus County LibraryTrebilcock, Bob. Child Molesters on the Internet are they in your Home? Redbook April1997: 100-107. Stanislaus County LibraryWalsh, Catherine. Perspectives. America 24 Feb. 1996: 7. Stanislaus County LibraryWilson, Carolyn F. Violence Against Women. Boston, Mass., 1981. Columbia CollegeLibrary HV6250.4.W65W54The Point of Pornography on theInternetWhy is the Internet so enticing for pedophiles? Its created easily accessiblestimulation for child molesters. Anybody can download pictures in complete anonymity. They do not have to make any kind of human contact (Trebilcock 102). There may bedefinitions to describe pornography, but they do not truly examine the destruction,degradation, and the pathetic nature of the concept. The word pornography is moredestructive than one might believe. It would fit perfectly into Sonia Maasik and JackSolomons essay entitles Cheap Thrills. The essay talks about the influencing images ofmusic, video and television. The computer is becoming more and more influencing becauseof the internet these days. The problem with this type of material today is it is assessableon every computer that is connected on-line to the Internet. Pornography should beeliminated on the Internet so that impressionable individuals can not access the degradingmaterial. Al Gore says Some say that we should refrain from action, that all action to blockchildrens access to objectable content amounts to censorship. To them I say, blockingyour childs access to objectionable Internet content is not censoring thats calledparenting( Simons B10). Eliminating pornography on the net will help to decrease thelarge amount of pornography users, which will decrease crime. Dr. Victor Cline, from theUniversity of Utah, conducted a study regarding serial murders and rapists. He observedusers developing a four-step pattern with pornography. The first step in his study was theaddiction. The serial murders and rapist claimed that at first they become addicted to thematerial. Dr. Clines study didnt stop there. The serial murderers and rapists claimed tocontinue on with their addiction. They increased to the next step of Dr. Clines observedpatterns. The use of pornography material escalated. They felt as if they needed more andmore pornography with hard core material to m eet their needs. Becoming indifferent to others was the third stage. The serial murderers andrapists felt after becoming addicted and escalating their habits, they needed to desensitize. This is when they stopped caring about others. As long as their needs were fulfilled theyfelt that no harm was done. They were the only innocence in the picture. The last step in Dr. Clines observation was the actualization, which is the actingout what he/she saw regarding pornography. This is the final stage that serial murderersand rapists concluded themselves in this four-stage process. Therefore, this is the end forinnocent adults, children, and animals to get hurt. Pulling all pornography from the Internet will allow fewer people to have access tothe degrading material. This is the material that is a common character trait among serialmurderers and rapists, which are a belief, held by Dr. Calvin. These four steps of Dr. Calvins need to be prevented by us the users of the Internet and the people of the world. We need to take it off the Internet now before it gets any worse. .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .postImageUrl , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:hover , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:visited , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:active { border:0!important; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:active , .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7 .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38c044afce2009b972d146f320522ab7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Space Exploration EssayYears ago people believed if pornography was to be legalized, the demand for thematerial would decrease. Now with the experience and technology today, the demand forthe material is increasing. A study was directed in many cities with de facto legalization.The results of this study concluded men becoming addicted to the pornography materialand then demanding more. This study also determined, in the last two decades, the number of rapes and childsexual abuse has increased tremendously due to the men who are acting out their desires. This material is like a deadly weapon. It encourages one to strike a gun when they have it intheir hand. Then the criminal uses it as an excuse to react on the topic. It was resolved in this study that when pornography addicts become bored with acertain type of material, they continue on to much harder material. Material that consumesmuch more than they have previously observed. They want the hard core pornography. They want it all and this is where the situation becomes a problem. With these two studies from Is it Pornography article, the conclusions were bothacted out as a result. When a person consumes hard core pornography, this is when mostof the violent crimes occur. We must not allow this degrading material to destroy ourpeople, futures and world. People need to realize the damage pornography does and stop itnow. Pornography is illegal for the same reason crack cocaine, steroids, and heroin areillegal. Peoples lives are consumed and often destroyed by it and those who use it are athreat to others (Elmer-Dewitt 636). This quotation, from the Censorship II: ShouldElectronic Networks Be Restricted? article, allows us to compare how destructive thistopic really is to a drug that we all know the level of destruction. The only problem withthis is, it is easier to get pornography today, than cocaine. All one has to do is turn on hiscomputer and down load on the Internet. Its much too easy which makes it incrediblyscary. Anybody can down load images in a public library, a friends house, at local schools,and at any computer that is accessible to the Internet. There is no demand for ID checking;all thats needed is a mouse and a few clicks. Its more assessable than one might think. Achild or an adult can load images at any age. A Veteran Internet surfer opposes, If you dont want them you wont get them(Walsh 7). He claims that one must show proof of ID to obtain such material and thematerial is off limits to minors/kids. This is absolutely not true. If one is connected to theInternet, all they have to do is type the word PORNOGRAPHY and its that easy. Just ascuriosity kills the cat, it also poisons the mind. Clifford L. Linedecker says, The chances of randomly coming across them areunbelievably slim (7). Coming across them which is pornography, is much easier thanone must believe. Typing a word is dealing with pornography (for the sake of research)into the computer and a few clicks from the mouse can disprove by Linedeckersmessage. Its much easier than one must believe. This unwanted material can be accessedanytime with just a click from the mouse. In Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted by WhiteHouse, John Simons claims that since 1960 the rape percent has increased over 500%. This is an enormous amount of rapes that occur due to the use of pornography. Thisarticle also acknowledges the fact that 57% of serial rapists that were studied claimed thatthey imitated scenes that were learned from types of pornography (B10). Among all the crimes in the America, sexual violence is driven to the maximum,due to hard core pornography. According to Robert M. Baird, Pornography in the UnitedStates, is the third largest money-maker in systematic crime. After following drugs andgambling, pornography has a $8-$10 billion per year enterprise (117). This is a largeamount of money for this one topic to make in a year, but the real issue is the human livesthat are being tormented. This material needs to be eliminated in all areas. On the Internet, this material should be taken off 100%. It is obvious thatpornography does more harm than good. This material degrades the nature ofimpressionable individuals. This material hurts the innocent and by taking it off theinternet, the crime rates of rape and murders will decrease in numbers tremendously. If wedont give the addicts their material, hopefully they will move on to bigger and better ideas. Being able to define the word pornography truly, is a question we all need to askourselves. We can get the definition from a dictionary or encyclopedia, but can we agreewith the definition. Is it bias on our beliefs? Taking this material off the Internet will help topursue the innocence of many individuals and make it harder of the addicts to get thematerial. The road to pornography, is also the road to destruction. Works CitedBaird, Robert M. Pornography. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991. MJC LibraryHQ471.p6462Campagna, Daniel S. The Sexual Trafficking in Children. New York, 1988. StanislausCounty Library 306.74Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. Censorship II: Should Electronic Networks be Restricted?Conversations. Jack Selzer. 3rd Ed. Needham Heights, MA: 1997. 636-639. MJC LibraryH1.A4v344Griffin, Susan. Pornography and Silence. New York: Harper Row, 1981. MJC LibraryHQ471.G74Linedecker, Clifford L. Children in Chains. New York: Everest House publishers, 1981. Columbia College Library HQ144.L56Simons, John. Internet Child-Pornography Peddlers, Sex Predators Targeted byWhite House, The Wall Street Journal 3 Dec.1997: B10. Stanislaus County LibraryTrebilcock, Bob. Child Molesters on the Internet are they in your Home? Redbook April1997: 100-107. Stanislaus County LibraryWalsh, Catherine. Perspectives. America 24 Feb. 1996: 7. Stanislaus County LibraryWilson, Carolyn F. Violence Against Women. Boston, Mass., 1981. Columbia CollegeLibrary HV6250.4.W65W54

Monday, November 25, 2019

Oil Spill Response essays

Oil Spill Response essays When it comes to mixing oil and water, oceans suffer from far more than an occasional devastating spill. Disasters make headlines, but hundreds of millions of gallons of oil quietly end up in the seas every year, mostly from non-accidental sources Large spillseven though a relatively minor source of ocean oil pollutioncan be devastating. The same amount of oil can do more damage in some areas than others. Coral reefs and mangroves are more sensitive to oil than sandy beaches or sea-grass beds; intertidal zones are the most sensitive. Crude oil is most likely to cause problems . Because human error causes 46% of oil spills and 34 % of equipment failure, the first strategy must be that of prevention. However, assuming that in the particular case prevention has not been effective the remaining strategic options are: Containment and Recovery removes the pollutant from the environment by mechanical means. This strategy has the following characteristics: Need for Logistics Support Effectiveness Sharply Impacted by Weather Encounter Rate Very Important The usual method of containment and recovery involves deploying booms to prevent the oil from spreading and to concentrate it. Skimmers are then used to recover the concentrated oil. It is then transferred to temporary storage and eventually to a permanent storage/treatment facility. When employing this strategy it is necessary to consider the following questions: Can the operation be mounted close to the source of the spill so that the spread of oil can be contained? Can sufficient vessels be mobilized to operate the appropriate numbers and types of booms and skimmers? Are vessels with adequate onboard oil storage capacity available? Will weather conditions permit the equipment to be used effectively, if at all? Is the type and condition of the oil amenable to mechanical recove...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

African studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

African studies - Essay Example Mammo elucidates the fact that the rate of development in Africa cannot be considered to have been substandard as compared to other parts of the world. African development was significantly affected after its colonization by European countries. It is worth noting that colonization was characterized by slave trade between the seventeenth century and twentieth century. Instead of Africans developing there continent, there were sold as slaves in other parts of the world particularly in America to work in the farms. Therefore, Africa remained underdeveloped as other parts of the world were developing at a very rapid rate (Mammo 24). The partition of Africa into colonies led to disproportionate allocation of resources since some of the colonies had higher quantities of mineral resources than others. Subsequently, this has led to some African countries enriching themselves from these resources leaving others poor (Europa Publications 33). European colonization also led to the discrimination of Africans. According to Europa Publications, racial discrimination against Africans was rampant in the 19th century whereby the colonizers considered Africans as lesser humans (33). Africans were not allowed to mix with Europeans and were therefore forced in selected villages. It is worth noting that the effects of discrimination against Africans is still felt today especially in America. The partitioning of Africa and the fact that Africans were forced to live in segregated villages is one of the contributing factors of ethnic conflicts that are prevalent in African countries. When colonization came to an end in the twentieth century, most of the African countries were left subdivided into ethnic regions. Therefore, there has always been a struggle for power between these ethnic communities in Africa. In the fight for independence in many parts of Africa, individuals united

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Question repository and test paper generator Literature review

Question repository and test paper generator - Literature review Example The online examination system provides a user friendly interface with all the features of any original examination system. The online examination system conducts exams using multiple-choice questions, gap-fills and open questions. The online examination system provides a platform where the teachers can easily conduct tests as they do not have to waste time on checking the test of each individual student and students can easily give exams. The system is convenient for students as they don’t need to worry about things like pens and teachers will only need to prepare the basic question-bank once with the system allowing addition of additional questions later.The online examination system has two users classified as Administrators and the students. (Jin & Lin, 2012) The administrators are the typical examiners and are responsible for the management of users, tests to be conducted, subjects, questions and results. These administrators also manage system backup and recovery strategi es. The second user of the system is the student who uses it to sit for examinations. The students take exams in the front desk using usernames and passwords given to them by the administrators. The system shall distribute questions to the student automatically and start the countdown for the students to complete the test within the stipulated time, and submit answers to the server. Depending on the type of exam, the system divides the questions into objective and subjective questions, with papers being corrected by the system and the teachers. The system shall aggregate final results, and students can check their scores on the system breaking the time and space constraints of traditional test, and achieve paperless office. The online examination system supports the management of users, questions, subjects and results of course. The system is fully automated and it evaluates thoroughly and does calculations of the tests done providing test summary and results summary to both the tes t conductor and the student. Students can check their results online. The online examination system shall be all browsers compatible to give all its users the best experience with different browsers. In each management section there shall be a provision of a searching option providing a ‘what you see is what you’ get editor to make preparations of questions easier. The system shall also provide some Indic language support. Advantages of online exam system The advantage of the online examination is that it can be conducted for candidates in remote areas and evaluation of answers can be fully automated for multiple choice questions. Depending on the type of the questions and the requirements, essay type questions can be evaluated through the system. The system allows for examinations to be conducted at any time as per the availability and convenience of the users and reduction of costs substantially since there is no paper work involved like printing exam papers and prepa ring paper admissions. (Peter, 2004) The examination results could be viewed just after the exams and there is an option to display the correct answer or hints, for formative testing. There are no distribution expenses for the question papers since the papers would not be distributed to different locations. There are no invigilators involved and also there is no

Monday, November 18, 2019

Actions to be taken when carrying out a case study

Actions to be taken when carrying out a - Case Study Example Among the actions that Ava Beane proposed to Eric Gregory and Mellissa Hayes is knowing the main aim of the study, this is clearly the identifying the main reason for carrying out the research study. Having a clear topic that will be evaluated, learning the attitude of the people living around the area of the place where the study will be conducted while at the same time considering their opinion on the study. Furthermore, Gregory and Hayes should find out if any other parties have ever conducted the same study before; they should survey the population where they are to carry out the survey that will be used to answer the research questions. This is necessary because they will be able to identify the most appropriate persons who will be able to answer the relevant questions as it is not possible to get information from the entire populationGregory and Hayes are also advised to follow the relevant procedures that are required in the event of carrying out the case study. When creating the questions that will be required to be answered by a given population for the study, the characteristics and the sex of the people answering the questions should be considered. This is because the answers give a precise the opinion of the person. However their identity are supposed to be concealed entirely as that is how it expected by the ethics governing scientific studies. Moreover they can use the collected data and compare it to the past researches that bear the same topic name.

Friday, November 15, 2019

What Is Polygraph Testing

What Is Polygraph Testing A polygraph machine is used to attempt to detect physiological changes that are thought to occur when a person tells a lie. These measures include the blood pressure, the amount of sweating on the palms and the heart rate. Polygraph testing is currently being used to investigate crime in a number of countries around the world, including the USA, Japan, South Korea and Israel (Raskin, 1990). At present there is a wide-ranging literature evaluating the use of the polygraph machine and associated techniques, largely based on laboratory experimentation. Like any psychometric test, the use of a polygraph machine in the detection of deception has been questioned on the basis of its reliability and its validity. Reliability refers to the ability of a test to be consistent, no matter who is carrying it out. The question of validity asks whether the test is actually measuring what it claims to measure. The answer to both of these questions is vital in answering whether the polygraph should be introduced into British policing. The polygraph machine has been used in a number of different ways to elicit useful information from suspects. Bull, Gudjonsson, Hampson, Baron, Rippon, Vrij (2004) identify four main techniques: the Relevant/Irrelevant Technique, the Directed Lie Test, the Control Question Test, and the Guilty Knowledge Test. Of these, the majority of research has addressed the last two and so the discussion will concentrate on these. The Control Question Test The theory behind the Control Question Test (CQT) is that the physiological responses of a suspect to control questions are compared with those which are directly relevant to the crime. Control questions are specifically chosen to be vague in nature and to relate only indirectly to the crime under investigation (Iacono Patrick, 1997). This means that they should provoke high levels of physiological arousal in innocent suspects as they are designed to elicit guilty memories but those that are not under investigation. By contrast, to an innocent interviewee, the specific questions about the crime should evoke lower physiological arousal as they can be categorically denied. To the guilty interviewee, however, the reverse pattern should be seen with higher physiological response seen to the more specific questions. The basic paradigm for assessing the polygraph test used in laboratory investigations involves a mock crime with participants randomly told to act either innocent or guilty. Raskin (1982), for example, explains that the guilty participants enact the mock crime, while the innocent participants simply have the facts relayed to them. Both groups are given a cash incentive to pass the test, and this goes some way towards giving them the required motivation to pass the test. Many of the earlier studies used the CQT test and found some encouraging results. Carroll (1988) summarises some of these studies, referring first to the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress (1983) which rounded up 14 studies which found an overall accuracy level of 88.6% in the guilty participants, and 82.6 in the innocent participants. However, Carroll (1988) criticises this assessment as some of these studies had flawed methodologies. Instead, using stricter criteria, the figures of 85.4% for guilty and 76.9% for the innocent were found. Carroll (1988) makes two important points about most of these studies. Firstly, there was a fairly high rate of false positives of around 20-25% instances where the participant was innocent but pronounced guilty. Secondly, the polygraph operators also have their own visual information to go on when carrying out the test, they are not simply relying on the physiological data. This means that the results cannot be fully attributable to the polygraph as the human operator could be partly acting as a lie detector. The most obvious criticism of these kind of studies is that of ecological validity. The test itself relies on the emotional reactions of the participants how likely is it that monetary inducements are equivalent in motivational terms to the chance of being convicted of a crime? For this reason, MacLaren (2001) points out that the participants have little reason to be worried about the important questions and are unmotivated to try and beat the test unlike a real guilty suspect. Field studies, then, have attempted to fill this gap, but immediately the problem arises of how it is possible to measure whether a person is really guilty or innocent. In reviewing the data on field studies, Carroll (1988) found that generally the accuracy rates were low at 69.6% comparing to the 50% obtainable by chance this does not seem high. In addition, there was a very high rate of false positives 43%. More recent field studies have been reviewed by Bull et al. (2004), who find better average figures for those guilty suspects at between 80% and 90% accuracy, but still poor results for innocent suspects, with false positives ranging from 12% to 47% accuracy. The theoretical problems with the CQT have been pointed out by Ben-Shakhar (2002), amongst others. The whole design of the test is such that the operator of the polygraph is trying to deceive the suspect something that may be perceived as unethical. It is still possible to imagine good reasons for why an innocent suspect would show arousal to the specific questions these are still anxiety provoking questions. There is little evidence that this test is standardised, in that the control questions that are asked in each interview are different. This means that much variability in the accuracy of test is probably due to the operator this reduces the theoretical reliability of the test. The Guilty Knowledge Test False positives, then, are one of the major problems with the CQT. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) has been shown to meet this challenge. The GKT is designed to try and uncover whether the interviewee is withholding information about a crime under investigation. This involves asking the suspect a number of specific questions about the crime, each question having a number of alternatives, only one of which is correct. The operator then looks for a pattern of physiological responses to the correct option across the whole test. This test is much more difficult to apply, mainly because it requires the test operator to know a number of facts about the crime that she must be reasonably sure that the guilty suspect would also know these would tend to be details, although does not exclude major facts. A range of reviews have been carried out on the GKT in laboratory conditions. Ben-Shakhar and Furedy (1990) found accuracy rates of 84% for guilty participants and 94% for innocent participants. Elaad (1998) found rates of 81% for guilty and 96% for innocent. While these are encouraging, again it is the field studies that are more convincing because of ecological validity. Only two of these have been carried out. Elaad (1990) found rates of only 42% for guilty participants but 98% for the innocent. Similarly Elaad, Ginton Jungman (1992) found 76% for guilty and 94% for innocent. Ben-Shakhar, Bar-Hillel, Kremnitzer, (2002) defend the low results for guilty suspects, claiming that they were carried out under sub-optimal conditions, being just after a CQT had been carried out and only involving an average of 1.8 questions. Overall though, levels of false positives are much lower for the GKT than the CQT. Perhaps the biggest criticism of the GKT relates to how useful it is in a practical sense. The nature of the test requires that the interviewer has been able to amass half a dozen items of knowledge that the guilty person would be aware of that would not be recognised by an innocent person. In addition, it is not always possible to be confident that the suspect will have remembered or even noticed the particular details which the operator refers to. Bull et al. (2004) makes the point that, in high profile cases, details are often released to the public to aid the solving of the crime, which will make the interviewing of the suspect even harder using a GKT, as innocent suspects will know many more details of the crime, making the choice of details for interview more obscure. The advantage of the GKT is that in evaluating its theoretical underpinnings, some researchers have made much stronger claims for it than the CQT (The Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph, National Research Council, 2003). The reason for this is that the GKT relies on the response being greater to a particular subset of the questions relative to whatever the physiological response is to the other questions (Carmel, Dayan, Naveh, Raveh Ben-Shakhar, 2003). This is unlike the CQT where variations in the physiological response of the suspect will tend to disrupt the test. In addition, the GKT does not rely on duping the suspect. The GKT does also have practical advantages. Ben-Shakhar et al. (2002) point out that a problem for the admissibility of polygraph tests in court is that they can become contaminated. In practice, a polygraph operator has the evidence of his eyes as well as the polygraph machine to go on. This may mean that the operator does not entirely base his decision on the physiological data. The advantage of the GKT is that it is much more easy to carry out blind, or for another polygraph tester to simply look at the physiological evidence. Counter measures and Base Rates Two other criticisms that apply more generally to all the different types of polygraph tests, are the effects of countermeasures and of base rates. Countermeasures refers to attempts to beat the polygraph test, these Gudjonsson (1988) classifies in three ways: reducing reactivity, suppressing physiological reactions and augmenting physiological reactions. According to Ford (1995) a man named Floyd Fay was able to successfully train 23 of 27 fellow inmates to beat the polygraph test in 20 minutes despite their admission of guilt to crimes for which they had been incarcerated. On the problem of base rates, Bull et al. (2004) point out that the kinds of situations in which polygraph tests are used may mean that there are a large number of suspects to test. This will exacerbate the problems of false positives, although, perhaps, is not such a problem in forensic situations as numbers are more likely to be limited.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The World as Will as Theology Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

The World as Will as Theology "The Absolute is its appearances; it really is." ... Bradley "And look at everyone — it's in them all" ["Und sieh dir andre an: es ist in allen"] ... Rilke It is interesting to view Schopenhauer's teaching of the world as Wille as a theology. In this light Schopenhauer can be considered an 'atheist' only from a narrow perspective.* Schopenhauer's theology, as a Western monist/monotheist view based on Eastern thought, offers an alternative both to atheism and to Western/Middle Eastern monotheism (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). [* Other alleged 'atheists' included Socrates, Spinoza, and the early Christians themselves. Often cited as an atheist, Shelley points out on his opening page that he has no objection to theism per se, but only as it appears in Judeo-Christianity.] The approach will be to characterize Schopenhauer's thought concerning Wille, to identify key Western and Eastern conceptions of God, and then to see where Wille fits, and does not fit, these conceptions. A. What is Wille? "Not as a god, but as a god might be" ... Stevens Schopenhauer's Wille is essentially Kant's noumenon, but with Kant's intentions subverted. Whereas Kant wanted to set aside the noumenon from the grasp of 'pure reason' so that the observer (and science) could concentrate on phenomena (governed by space, time, and causality), Schopenhauer re-introduced the noumenon as at least partially graspable, in both its external and essential aspects, by reason and introspection. Wille is the essential nature of the universe ungoverned by appearances, that is, underlying phenomena which are governed by space, time, and causality (the principles of sufficient reason). A fascinating dynamic ... ...y of Religion. Blackwell, 1997. (Sherry 1997) Sherry, Patrick. "Beauty". Pages 279-285 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Stump 1997) Stump, Eleanore. "Simplicity". Pages 250-256 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Taliaferro 1997) Taliaferro, Charles. "Incorporeality". Pages 271-278 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Tracy 1997) Tracy, Thomas F. "Divine Action". Pages 299-305 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Wierenga 1997) Wierenga, Edward R. "Omnipresence". Pages 286-290 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Williams 1997) Williams, C.J.F. "Being". Pages 223-228 in Quinn & Taliaferro. (Zagzebski 1997) Zagzebski, Linda. "Foreknowledge and Human Freedom". Pages 291-298 in Quinn & Taliaferro. C. Other References (Bouzereau 1997) Bouzereau, Laurent. Star Wars, The Annotated Screenplays. Ballantine, 1997. (Nagel 1986) Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. Oxford University Press, 1986.